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Spatial planning is the management of space and resources through the creation and implementation of a plan restricting how space can be used and developed. Spatial planning is normally undertaken by state actors—at either the national, regional or local levels—but is sometimes undertaken by private sector actors as well. In achieving set policy aims, it usually tries to balance the competing demands upon land as a resource, mediating between the demands of the state, market, and local community.
In so doing, three different mechanisms—of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects—mark the three schools of transformative strategy formulation, innovation action and performance in spatial planning.Ziafati Bafarasat, A., 2015. Reflections on the three schools of thought on strategic spatial planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(2), pp.132-148.
Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include land use, urban planning, regional, transport and environmental planning.Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177-198. Other related areas are also important, including economic and community planning, as well as maritime spatial planning.
Numerous planning systems exist around the world. The form of planning largely diverges and co-evolves with societies and their governance systems.Allmendinger, P. (2009). Planning theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Every country, and states within those countries, have a unique planning systems that is made up by different actors, different planning perspectives and a particular institutional framework. Perspectives, actors and institutions change over time, influencing both the form and the impact of spatial planning.Van Assche, K., & Verschraegen, G. (2008). The limits of planning: Niklas Luhmann's systems theory and the analysis of planning and planning ambitions. Planning theory, 7(3), 263-283.Gunder, M., & Hillier, J. (2009). Planning in ten words or less: A Lacanian entanglement with spatial planning. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Especially in Northwestern Europe, spatial planning has evolved greatly since the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, the term ‘spatial’ was used primarily to refer to the way that planning should deal with more than simply zoning, land use planning, or the design of the physical form of cities or regions, but also should address the more complex issues of the spatial relationship of activities such as employment, homes and leisure uses.
Spatial planning is especially important in developing countries which often face rapid urbanisation and industralisation, which places pressure on existing urban infrastructure.
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| Commin | |
| COST Action on Green Structures and Urban Planning | |
| European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion COMPASS project | |
| European Directorate-General for Regional Policy | |
| European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional/Spatial Planning | |
| European Space and Territorial Integration Alternative | |
| International Society of City and Regional Planners | |
| Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism | |
| Legal Systems for Spatial Planning | |
| Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution | |
| United Nations Economic Commission for Europe | |
| Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea | |
At the European level, the term territorial cohesion is becoming more widely used and is for example mentioned in the draft EU Treaty (Constitution) as a shared competency of the European Union; it is also included in the Treaty of Lisbon. The term was defined in a "scoping document" in Rotterdam in late 2004 and is being elaborated further using empirical data from the ESPON programme in a document entitled "The Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union". At the minister's conference in May 2007 in Leipzig, a political document called the "Territorial Agenda" was signed to continue the process begun in Rotterdam, revised in May 2011 in Gödöllő.
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